Fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas, have historically dominated global energy supply due to their high energy density and established infrastructure. However, their combustion is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Alternative fuels such as biofuels, hydrogen, synthetic fuels, and renewable electricity-based fuels aim to reduce environmental impacts while maintaining energy security. Alternative fuels support diversification of energy supply and decarbonization of transport and industry. Transitioning from fossil fuels to alternatives requires technological innovation, infrastructure development, and supportive policy frameworks. While fossil fuels remain important in current energy systems, alternative fuels are increasingly critical for achieving climate goals and building sustainable, low-carbon energy futures.
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