Second generation biofuels are produced from lignocellulosic biomass such as crop residues, wood, and grasses. They do not rely on food crops, making them more sustainable than first-generation biofuels. Conversion technologies include enzymatic hydrolysis, gasification, and fermentation. Second generation biofuels reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve land-use efficiency. Challenges include feedstock pretreatment, enzyme costs, and process complexity. Advances in biotechnology and process integration are improving feasibility. Second generation biofuels support sustainable fuel production and renewable energy expansion.
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